To control West Nile virus (WNV), it is necessary to know which mosquitoes are able to transmit this virus. quinquefasciatus, Cx. Involvement of some of the species, particularly container-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus, may alter the epidemiology of WNV and present additional control problems for mosquito abatement personnel. [15% deet], Skinsations [7% deet]) and eight natural (primarily plant extracts and/or essential oils) product-based repellents (Bite Blocker [2% soybean oil], ByGone, GonE!, Natrapel [10% citronella], Neem Aura, Sunswat, MosquitoSafe [25% geraniol], and Repel [26% Public concern over the spread of disease by mosquitoes increased markedly during the West Nile (WN) virus epidemic in the United States (Application of repellents to the skin is a common personal protection practice. vexans are competent but only moderately efficient laboratory vectors (To assist public health personnel in assessing the risk that a potential mosquito vector represents for transmission of WNV, we conducted laboratory studies to evaluate the vector competence of Cx. Names, ingredients, and formulations for each product are given in Name, ingredient(s), and formulations of 12 mosquito repellentsName, ingredient(s), and formulations of 12 mosquito repellentsTwo hundred 5- to 7-d-old female mosquitoes were withdrawn from a stock cage in response to human host stimuli (i.e., chemical volatiles from the hand), using the air flow apparatus described by Thirty minutes before the start of a test, the forearm of a human subject was treated with repellent between the elbow and the wrist at the rate of 1 ml of formulated product/650 cmEach repellent was tested once on two of five subjects (three women and two men) using a completely randomized design. WNV has not been isolated from wild-caught Cx. During warm periods, the species will expand its range northward, but adults and larvae are killed when they are exposed to extended periods of below freezing temperatures.
Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Malaria Mosquito) Culiseta melanura (Eastern Equine Encephalitis) Culex nigripalpus (West Nile Virus) Culex pipiens quinqefasciatus (Southern House Mosquito) salinarius, two species from which WNV was isolated in New York in 2000, were efficient laboratory vectors. salinarius transmits WNV efficiently by bite.
Isolation of EEE virus from Cq. quinquefasciatus and Cx. Larvae develop in the rich organic mixture found in shallow flooded ditches. 2008. We assumed (but were unable to test for) lack of difference in innate repellency among the five subjects; however, we made Estimated mean protection times for Off! quinquefasciatus and Cx. No. Culex is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. salinarius, and Coquillettidia perturbans.We tested five mosquito species for susceptibility to WNV (The WNV strain (Crow 397-99) used was isolated from a dead crow found in the Bronx, New York, during an epizootic in 1999 (Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on 2- to 3-day-old leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) that had been inoculated with approximately 10Infection was determined by recovery of virus from the mosquito tissue suspension.
Blow, R. Leon, and K. Kenyon for critically reading the manuscript.In conducting research using animals, the investigators adhered to the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals," prepared by the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council (NIH Pub. Michael J. Turell, Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA; fax: 301-619-2290 Of the 26 oils incorporated in the products we tested, only geranium, lavender, and peppermint oils, at the 100% concentration, repelled Not all natural product–based repellents fit this profile—Repel and Bite Blocker are two examples. Barnard DR(1), Xue RD.
In the USA, this species is found in warm, humid coastal habitats from North Carolina to Texas and up the Mississippi River basin as far north as Kentucky.