She is now writing a book about her housing research. In the 1950s, Detroit was once known as the arsenal of democracy and now it is the worst-off rust belt city. New York: Simon and Schuster. Study and activity that uses information provided by pure science to solve problems; examples are engineering and medicineThe layer around the earth in which life occurs naturally, extending from about eight Km above the Earth to the deepest part of the ocean, which is about 8 km deepSituation in which natural resources are being used up, wasted, or polluted faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned upHighly industrialized countries with high incomes and high standards of livingLess industrialized countries in which the average income and standard of living are lowThe study of how living things interact with each other and with their nonliving environmentsThe surroundings of an organism that affects its life and developmentAn inherited trait that increases and organism's chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environmentTwo or more species evolving in response to each otherRelationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helpedA group of interacting populations of different speciesThe relationship between species that attempt to use the same limited resourceAll living organisms in a certain area as well as their physical environmentChange in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the nextThe irreversible disappearance of a population or speciesOrganism from which a parasite takes it's nourishmentFinal, stable community that forms when land is left undisturbedOrganism that gets its energy by eating other organisms; heterotrophConsumer that gets its food by breaking down dead organisms, causing them to rotThe sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats and is then eaten by anotherDiagram showing the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystemBacteria that converts nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into a form that plants can useBottom of a body of water; inhabited by decomposers, insect larvae, and clamsRegions that have distinctive climates and organisms that contain many separate but similar because systemsIn a forest, the covering of tall trees whose intertwining branches absorb a great amount of sunlight and shade the area beneathCoastal biome with a Mediterranean climate and low-lying vegetationLimestone islands in the sea built by coral animalsBiome that receives less than 10 inches of precipitation a yearCharacteristic of a plant that allows it to survive in areas of light or sporadic rainfallEutrophication that occurs because of the introduction of inorganic plant nutrients into a body of water through a sewage and fertilizer runoffAccumulation of increasingly large amounts of a toxin with in the tissues of organisms at each successive trophic levelProcess in which salt is removed from saltwater, as from the ocean, rendering the water fit for drinking and cookingWater that seeps down through the soil and is stored undergroundPollution that comes from many sources rather then from a single specific site; an example is pollution that reaches a body of water from streets and storm sewersActivity designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditionsA testable explanation for a specific problems or questions, based on what has already been learnedAny natural substance that humans use, such as sunlight, soil, water plants, and animalsResources that can be used up faster than they can be replenished naturally, such as coal, oil, and natural gasSituation in which the number of people grow so quickly that a region cannot support themStudy and activity that seeks answers to questions about how the world works; examples are biology and physicsAbundant natural resources that are continually produced, such as trees and sunlightWorld in which human populations can continue to exist indefinitely with a high standard of living and healthA relationship between two species in which both benefitTerm used to describe the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms that results from the presence or absence of particular inherited traitsOrganism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on it without immediately killing itA group of individuals of the same species living in a particular placeA group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring and that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, and internal structureFirst organisms to colonize any newly available area and start the process of successionRain, sleet, snow, or hail that has condensed from water vapor to the atmosphere and returns to the earth's surfaceSuccession that occurs in areas were no ecosystem has existed previouslyPattern of change in an area where an ecosystem has previously existedThe regular pattern of changes over time and it types of species in a communityA step in the transfer of energy through ecosystems; the level of a food chain that an organism occupiesThe continual process by which water circulates between atmosphere and the earthPracticing of lying dormant underground during the summerAquatic ecosystem in which fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean, forming a nutrient trapThe shallow water area near the shores of lakes and ponds where sunlight reaches the bottomPermanently frozen soil a few inches below the active soil in the tundra biomesBiome dominated by conifers and characterized by harsh winters; occurs just below the Arctic Circle; also called northern coniferous forestForest in an area of extreme seasonal variation in which trees drop their leaves each fallCool, humid biome where trees branches are draped with mosses, tree trunks are covered with lichens, and the forest floor is covered with fernsPollution discharged from a single source, such as from a factory or wastewater treatment plantArea of land on earth surface from which groundwater originatesFresh water found above ground in lakes, ponds, rivers, and streamsAddition of excessive amounts of heat to a body of water, such as in runoff from industrial cooling systemsIntroduction of foreign substances into water that degraded quality, limit its use, and affect organisms living in it or drinking itHighly acidic rain, sleet, or snow that results from the release of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the air from burning fossil fuelsSudden influx of acid water caused by melting acid snows that rush into lakes and streams, killing large numbers of fish and amphibians and affecting the offspring of othersCondition in which the air contains substances harmful to livingPollutant put directly into the air by human activity, such as soot from smokePollutant that forms from a primary pollutant or a naturally occurring substance, such as water, comes into contact with other primary pollutants and a chemical reaction takes placeConditions of buildings with particularly poor air quality; frequently caused by sealed windows and poor air circulationPollution over urban areas that reduces visibility; combination of the words smoke and fogAtmospheric condition in which the air above is warmer than the air below, sometimes trapping pollutants near the earths surfaceChlorofluorocarbons; human made chemical compounds that are restricted in use because they destroy the ozoneThe average weather in an area over a long period of timePredicting increase in earth's temperature due to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphereWarming affect on the air caused by heat rising from the surface of the earth and being trapped by gases in the troposphereThe gases in the atmosphere that trap in radiate heatForm of oxygen with molecules made up of three oxygen atomsOne of the five layers of the atmosphere, lying immediately above the troposphere and extending from 10 km to about 50 km above the earths surfaceOne of the five layers of the atmosphere, extending from the earth surface to about 10 km above the surfaceConditions in the atmosphere at a particular place in a particular momentThe necessary structures, including roads, buildings, bridges, and sewers, that a society builds for public useDetermining the location of homes, businesses, and protected areas before an area is developLow density development that spreads out around the citiesConditions in which more people live in a city and its infrastructure can support
Each camp describes important realities of urbanism today—and yet the one-sidedness of their perspectives has prevented us from grasping the full dimensions of the current urban crisis so we can figure our way out of it.The urban optimists focus on the stunning revival of cities and the power of urbanization to improve the human condition. He would find that the poverty and social problems, such as crime and drug use, that had plagued the city in his day had moved out to what used to be solidly middle-class suburbs. Urban revitalization, in the pessimists’ view, is driven by rapacious capitalists who profit by rebuilding some neighborhoods and running others down. But Americans also expressed increasing concern over the declining quality of life in rural areas. Seen in this light, the New Urban Crisis is also a crisis of the suburbs, of urbanization itself, and of contemporary capitalism writ large.The third, much broader, and in many ways more problematic dimension of the New Urban Crisis is The fifth and final dimension of the New Urban Crisis is Although the New Urban Crisis has multiple manifestations, it is shaped by the fundamental contradiction brought on by urban clustering. Like capitalism itself, it is paradoxical and contradictory. The world, they say, would be a better place if nation-states had less power, and cities and their mayors had more.In stark contrast, the urban pessimists see modern cities as being carved into gilded and virtually gated areas for conspicuous consumption by the super-rich with vast stretches of poverty and disadvantage for the masses nearby. Other core features—economic and racial segregation, spatial inequality, entrenched poverty—are becoming as common in the suburbs as they are in the cities. List of urban riots. In this excerpt from his new book, Richard Florida explains how “winner-take-all urbanism” has deepened inequality, segregation, and poverty—and what cities can do about it.The affluence—and inequality—of modern New York City would amaze a time-traveling visitor from squalid mid-1970s NYC. In this excerpt from his new book, Richard Florida explains how “winner-take-all urbanism” has deepened inequality, segregation, and poverty—and what cities can do about it. Everyone else is then crammed into the remaining disadvantaged areas of the city or pushed farther out into the suburbs. Nearby, on what was once a wasteland of rubble and sagging piers, a long, green park with a bike path would run along the Hudson River across the entire length of Manhattan. THE URBAN CRISISThe crisis in education was closely connected to the crisis in the cities. Just one small sliver of downtown San Francisco, for instance, attracts billions of dollars in venture capital annually, more than any nation on the planet save for the United States. Understanding today’s urban crisis requires taking both the urban pessimists and the urban optimists seriously. Urbanism is every bit as powerful an economic force as the optimists say, and it is simultaneously as wrenching and divisive as the pessimists claim. The New Urban Crisis is different from the older urban crisis of the 1960s and 1970s. Once America's "arsenal of democracy," Detroit over the last fifty years has become the symbol of the American urban crisis. The reality is that they are both. Some combination of local government, nonprofit organizations, and philanthropic foundations will have to try to fill in the gaps that result from Republican inaction and the deep cuts that are likely to be made in America’s already fraying social safety net, which will hit hard at disadvantaged people and neighborhoods. And many people treat Detroit as ground zero for the creation of a new city. This clustering force is Janus-faced; along with its positive attributes, it has significant negative ones, too.On the one hand, the clustering of industry, economic activity, and talented and ambitious people in cities is now the basic engine of innovation and economic growth. By 2010, however, suburbia was home to more than half of the U.S. population.